Hadwe

<Gnomish>

Natively known as: Ħaɖ We /ħaɖ We/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...


vʊɨ θjəug dɨ pɛraː dɨd ɨːvr vʊɨ dɨ dɛvnab ər klɨːn r̥ɨ χəu


Hadwe word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d g h j k l m n n̥ p r r̥ s t v w ð ħ ŋ ɖ ɬ ʃ θ χ/

↓Manner/ Place→	Bila- bial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Retro- flex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Phar- yngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n n̥				ŋ
Stop	p b			t d		ɖ		k g
Fricative		v	θ ð	s	ʃ				χ	ħ	h
Approximant							j
Trill				r̥ r
Lateral fricative				ɬ
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labio-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a ai au aɨ aː ei eɨ eː i iː oː u uː ɔ ɔi ɔɨ ə əu ɛ ɛu ɨ ɨu ɨː ɪ ɪu ʊ ʊɨ/

Diphthongs: ai, au, aɨ, ei, eɨ, ɔi, ɔɨ, əu, ɛu, ɨu, ɪu, ʊɨ ?

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː i	ɨ ɨː	u uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined ? Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ? Word initial consonants: b, bl, d, dr, dw, g, gw, gwl, gwn, gwr, h, j, k, kl, l, m, n, nt, n̥, p, pl, pr, r, rn, r̥, s, sd, sn, t, tr, v, w, ð, ħ, ɬ, ʃ, θ, θj, χ Mid-word consonants: b, d, dl, dr, g, gl, gw, h, l, m, ml, mr, ms, n, nr̥, nt, nw, r, rb, rd, rv, rw, rɬ, sg, tbl, v, vj, vl, vn, ð, ðj, ŋ, ɖ, ɬ, θ, χ, χr Word final consonants: b, d, g, k, l, ld, m, n, nd, nt, r, rs, rθ, s, sg, t, v, vn, vr, w, ð, ŋ, ɬ, θ, χ

Phonological changes (in order of application): ?

• j → ʤ / #_
• b → v / V_V
• θ → ʃ / C_
• i → Ø / a_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Object-Oblique-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door with a key opened. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.




• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

ai /ai/ plural particle

Nominative	No affix pɛnɛ /ˈpɛnɛ/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -a pɛnɛa /ˈpɛnɛa/ (verb done to) dog

Definite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -hoː Else: Suffix -eɨhoː pɛnɛhoː /ˈpɛnɛhoː/
Indefinite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -glai Else: Suffix -aglai pɛnɛglai /ˈpɛnɛglai/

Articles

Hadwe encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	χɔi /χɔi/ I	ɪu /ɪu/ me
2nd singular	wɪ /wɪ/ you	drʊd /drʊd/ you
3rd singular masc	θjəug /θjəug/ he	trɨn /trɨn/ him
3rd singular fem	θjəuk /θjəuk/ she	dɨːθ /dɨːθ/ her
1st plural	blɨ /blɨ/ we	θa /θa/ us
2nd plural	dai /dai/ you (all)	klɨːð /klɨːð/ you (all)
3rd plural	a /a/ they	aivr /aivr/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	rnei /rnei/ my
2nd singular	nteː /nteː/ your
3rd singular masc	dɨ /dɨ/ his
3rd singular fem	dairθ /dairθ/ her
1st plural	jei /jei/ our
2nd plural	dreː /dreː/ your
3rd plural	hɔ /hɔ/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix oːχɛurʊ /ˈoːχɛˌurʊ/ study
Past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nd Else: Suffix -ɔnd oːχɛurʊnd /ˈoːχɛˌurʊnd/ studied
Remote past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɬ Else: Suffix -eiɬ oːχɛurʊɬ /ˈoːχɛˌurʊɬ/ studied (long ago)
Future	Suffix -iːs oːχɛurʊiːs /ˈoːχɛˌurʊiːs/ will study

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Hadwe uses the word for ‘already’ beːg for the perfect aspect.

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rɨ Else: Suffix -ɔirɨ Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ɪ Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -oː Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -iːs Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bɪu Else: Suffix -eːbɪu Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -vli Else: Suffix -ɔɨvli Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɨːrθ Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -əum Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rʊ Else: Suffix -ɛurʊ Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Suffix -iːr One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɬ Else: Suffix -ʊɬ Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ən Diminutive = Suffix -ɛrs Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ɔr

Hadwe has a base-10 number system

1	kɨn
2	sdeɨrθ
3	trɪu
4	seɨv
5	aː
6	θag
7	ɨːb
8	teːv
9	hɔ
10	sɨvɨː
11	kɨn vʊɨ sɨvɨː “one and ten”
100	snuː “hundred”
101	snuː kɨn “hundred one”
200	sdeɨrθ snuː
1000	ðɔg “thousand”

Dictionary

4318 Words.

Root Languages

• Oangili

Successor Languages

• Ulesh
• Daldemoshi
• Yauzani

Spoken by

• Volognomes