Čašek (Cha-shek)

Phonology

Aa - /a/ (as in "apple")
Áá - /ɒ/ (as in "octagon")
Ąą - /jæ/ (as in "ya")
Bb - /b/ (as in "bravo")
Čč - /tʃ/ (as in "Charlie")
Dd - /d/ (as in "Delta")
Ee - /ɛ/ (as in "Eliot")
Éé - /eɪ/ (as in "Eve")
Ęę - /jɛ/ (as in "ye")
Ff - /f/ (as in "frock")
Gg - /ɡ/ (as in "good")
Hh - /h/ (as in "hello")
Íí - /eɪ/ (as in "Eve")
Jj - /dʒ/ (as in "Jewish")
Kk - /k/ (as in "Karl")
Ll - /l/ (as in "luck")
Mm - /m/ (as in "mother")
Nn - /n/ (as in "nope")
Ńń - /ɲ/ (as in Spanish "Ñandú")
Oo - /o/ (as in "omega")
Óó - /ɒ/ (as in "omnivores")
Pp - /p/ (as in "pennies")
Qq - /q/ (as in Farsi "Gharib")
Rr - /r/ (as in "red")
Ss - /s/ (as in "six")
Šš - /ʃ/ (as in "shut")
Tt - /t/ (as in "towel")
Uu - /ʌ/ (as in "under")
Úú - /ʊ/ (as in "oops")
Ųų - /ju/ (as in "you")
Vv - /v/ (as in "very")
Ww - /w/ (as in "well")
Xx - /x/ (as in Scottish "loch")
Yy - /j/ (as in "yes")
Ýý - /ʌ/ (as in "under")
Zz - /z/ (as in "zebra")
Žž - /ʒ/ (as in French "je")
Þþ - /θ/ (as in Icelandic "því")
(Ææ - /aɪ/ (Depending on dialect, it can be either "ih" or "eeh" and even so far as "eye")

Morphology

Derivation/word formation:
Noun derivation: to make a noun an adjective add the ending "-ek," to make the noun a verb replace the last one with "-ár."
Example 1: "Bačún" (mountain) - "Bačúnek" (mountainous)
Example 2: "Sýdan" (river) - "Sỳdár" (to flow)

To make a Verb a Noun (agent) you change the ending to "-él"
Negation:
In Present Tense: You add the adverb "Mækal"
Past Tense:
Future Tense:
Imperative Tense:
All other Tenses use the respective their respective perfect forms.

Nouns

Noun Classifications:

The Holy Class is reserved for references to sacred beings, deities, or the subjects of rituals and prayers. It is characterized by

• Isolating morphology: words that are uninflected; affixes are not used
• SVO Word order: Holy Sentences place the subject before the verb.
• Archaic vocabulary: Older forms of words are used

The Rational Class includes sentient or reasoning beings, such as humans and animals, and occasionally natural entities recognized as capable of thoughts by particular groups of Larčók (trees or rivers in certain contexts.) It is characterized by:

• Split Ergativity: Past Tense uses ergative marking on the subject. Non-past tenses use nominative marking on the subject.
• SOV word order for standard speech
• Morphological markings: Suffixes indicate instrumental case, possession, and tense.

The Irrational Class includes all inanimate objects, rocks, sand, and other entities not considered capable of rational thought. It is characterize by:

• Split Ergativity: Similar to the Rational Class, however, verb constructions use middle-voice or light-verbs for intruments and possession
• SOV Word Order
• Possession is expressed via constructions like "To have" rather than direct suffixes.

The Cases:

Nominative:

• Holy: Not Marked; subject precedes the verb. (SVO)
Example:

• Rational: Marks the subject of non-past verbs (SOV)
Example: Warrior-Nom City-Acc sword-Instr protect-Pres

• Irrational: Marks the subject of non-past verbs; inanimate subjects triggle middle voice
Example: Stone-Nom hammer-Instr break-Pres

Ergative:

• Holy: never used

• Rational: Marks the subject of past transitive verbs
Example: Warrior-Erg city-Acc sword-Instr protect-Past

• Irrational: Marks the subject of past transitive verbs, combined with middle-voice constructions
Example: Stone-Erg hammer-Instr break-Past

Accusative:

• Holy: Objects follow the verb in SVO order
Example:

• Rational: Marks the direct object (SOV)
Example: Warrior-Nom city-Acc sword-Instr protect-Pres

• Irrational: Optional marking; often implied through word order
Example: Stone-Nom hammer-Instr break-Pres

Genitive:

• Holy: Expressed in an isolated state, often with use of "of"
Example: Child of deity praise-praise

• Rational: Expressed via possessive suffixes.
Example: Warrior-Nom sword-of protect-Pres

• Irrational: Expressed via a light verb construction ("To Have")
Example: Stone-Erg Hammer-Nom to have break-Past

Instrumental:

• Holy: Free placement after verb; no morphological marking.
Example:

• Rational: Marked with instrumental suffix "-Instr"
Example: Warrior-Nom City-Acc Sword-Instr protect-Pres

• Irrational: Expressed through middle constructions
Example: Stone-Erg Hammer-Instr break-Past

Genitive: To represent possession, the use of the preposition, "eš" meaning of, and adding the pronoun ék, én, éd, or ékeš, meaning my, yours, theirs (s.), theirs (p.) respectively. Example: Qam'mah's paradise: Éd Qám'máh eš wíšt; lit. Her, The Moon, of paradise
Accusative: The Object is always placed at the end of the sentence. The main instance of the accusative case is seen with personal pronouns that serve as direct objects or objects of prepositions.
Instrumental: You place the tool in question right after the verb (no word can be in between.)

• The Rational Case: It remains only as SOV.

Nominative: The base of the noun, it is unmarked. It is used only in the present tense and the future tense.
Ergative: The base of the noun, it is unmarked. It is used only in the past tense.
Genitive: In the rational case, you stick the pronoun as a suffix to the possessed item, "-ék, -én, -éd, or -ékeš"
Baván's sword: Baván Sa'éþéd; Lit. Baván blade theirs
Accusative:
Instrumental: You must replace the ending of the item used with "-újj" to represent it as the instrument in use.
Baván cut the wood with a blade: Baván Tųb Sa'újj barag

• The Irrational Case: Although remains SOV, this case is defined by its verbal constructions. /*Middle Arabic employs verbal constructions to convey instrumental meanings, often through the use of certain verbs or verbal patterns. These constructions can indicate the means or instrument by which an action is performed. For example:*\

Noun Pluralization

They have five numbers, singular, dual, trial, quadral, and plural. However, quadral is rarely used and is mostly outdated.

Syntax

"Y" always goes at the beginning of the sentence, whereas "ý" goes in or at the end of a sentence.

Vocabulary

Pronouns are integrated as part of the word when in the third person. Third person singular, dual, and trial. To take it out from a word, you add the ending "-k" For example, to say just "She/He" is "nak"
Each pronoun also has a form depending on whether it is in its Holy or Rational Form. Rational pronouns are used in regards to Irrational things as well.
Holy form only has singular and plural. Holy form does not including a first person.

/*Gods only speak in the third person*/

Singular:
2nd; H:
3rd; H:
1st; R: Móklar - I, me
2nd; R: Tók = You
3rd; R: -Na- = He/She
Dual:
1st; R: Tóklar - You and me
2nd; R: Nók
3rd; R: -Vá-
Trial:
1st; R: Nóklar - Us three
2nd; R: Vók
3rd; R: -Xa-
Quadral:
1st; R: Vápler - Us four
2nd; R: Vek
3rd; R: There is no quadral 3rd person.
Plural:
2nd; H:
3rd; H:
1st; R: Vápeš - We, us
2nd; R: Šók
3rd; R: Lamán

Tenses

The Verbs conjugate in the tenses Present, Past, present progressive, past progressive, imperfective, pluperfect, perfect simple, perfect continuous, future, present subjunctive, perfect subjunctive, imperfect, passive, intransitive, and transitive.
The only important ones to know are the Present, Past, Future, and Imperfect. as they are the most commonly used, and the others are not often said unless speaking in the holy case (or talking exceptionally poetically)
Verbs must match the Noun's case. If the noun is in the Holy Case, the Holy case must be used for the verb. The conjugations are very simple, and are the same regardless of number. It only follows number based on the pronoun that is to be used for it.

Verb Classes:

1. Stative Verbs: Verbs indicating a state or condition rather than an action.
2. Dynamic Verbs: Verbs indicating actions or processes.
3. Transitive Verbs: Verbs requiring a direct object.
4. Intransitive Verbs: Verbs not requiring a direct object.
5. Active Verbs: Verbs indicating actions performed by the subject.
6. Passive Verbs: Verbs indicating actions undergone by the subject.
7. Causative Verbs: Verbs indicating actions caused or made to happen by the subject.

Verb Tenses:

The Irrational case:

Here is an example of each conjugation using the verb, "To hide" which is "Apædaąg"
Past Irrational: The stem is, "Apæd" add the ending "-hak" and the respective pronouns
1st S. - Móklar Apædhak I hid
2nd S. Tók Apædhak: You hid
3rd S. Apænadhak: Add the pronoun -na- He/She hid

Present Irrational: You only use the stem of the verb.
1st S. - Móklar Apæd I hide/am hiding
3rd S. - Anapæd He/She is hiding

Future Irrational: Add the prefix "Raqá-"
1st S. Móklar Raqápæd I will hide
3rd S. Raqánapæd He/She will hide

Imperfect Irrational: Add the respective preposition.
For example: I walked is past, I used to walk is imperfect

The Rational case: Spúndídan - To Protect/Guard

Present Tense:
1st S. Móklar Spúndíd

1st P. Vápeš Spúndómen

2nd S. Tók Spúndíš

2nd P. Šók Spúndątan

3rd S. Spúnadín

3rd P. Lamán Spúndóšen

1st -d

-ómen

2nd -š

-ąten

3rd -n

-óčen

Past Tense:
Future Tense:
Imperfect Tense:

Verb Aspects:

Perfective:
The Perfective aspect of verbs indicates that an action is viewed as a completed whole, without focusing on its duration or ongoing nature.
Used in regards to all cases.

Imperfective:
Often implies ongoing or habitual actions as well as uncompleted actions.
Used in regards to both the Rational Case and Holy Case.

Iterative:
Indicates repeated or habitual actions.
Only used in reference to the Irrational Case.

Verb Moods: Represented through the usage of Auxiliary verbs.

1. Indicative - The indicative mood is used to make statements or ask questions about facts, beliefs, or reality.
2. Subjunctive - The subjunctive mood is used to express wishes, desires, hypothetical situations, suggestions, or doubts. It often denotes actions that are not certain to happen or are contrary to reality.
3. Imperative - The imperative mood is used to give commands, make requests, or offer advice.
4. Conditional - The conditional mood is used to express hypothetical or unreal situations, often accompanied by a condition or requirement.
5. Potential - The potential mood is used to express possibility or ability.
6. Optative - The optative mood is used for expressing wishes or hopes.
7. Interrogative - The interrogative mood is used to ask questions.

Examples in the Present Tense:

• Indicative:

"He/she is coming." Translates to "miý-áhąnag"
Miý roughly meaning is/am/are and serves as a marker for ongoing actions in the present tense.
Áhąnag means "He/she comes." The -na- means he/she, Áhąg means "to come." and for emphasis you could double the pronoun to -nana- "Áhąnanag."

• Subjunctive:

"If it storms (sandstorm), I will stay at home." Translates to


• Imperative: It is represented through the context of the sentence, word choice, and verb forms.

"Please close the door."


• Conditional:

"If I had more time, I would go."

Sentence Structure

Adjectives tend to have three vowels, while nouns and verbs tend to have two, and all others have one vowel. Verbs and Adverbs end in hard consonants such as "k" or "g" or "q" or "t." Adjectives agree with nouns in location. Pronouns have two forms, Singular and plural, and different endings depending on usage. "Y" always goes at the beginning of the sentence, whereas "ý" goes in or at the end of a sentence. Vowels never go together, there is always a consonant to keep them apart. Consonant clusters are usually okay.
Example of a sentence:
English: "The lovely river queen spoke to him. She said kind words."
Čašek: "Sýdan malkaþ éškanek govexa tóz'on. Tàqéxag áqzénč mokht."
Literal Translation: "River queen lovely she spoken to him. She said words kind."

Adjective Order

Adjectives agree with nouns in location. If the adjective goes after the noun, it agrees with it. If not, then the adjective would not describe the noun. If you are trying to say something like "the ball is red," it would be "ball red it is" or "it is a ball red" or most accurately, "The ball red."

Dictionary

64 Words.

Spoken by

• Larčók